Evidence boundaries

Suspension component boundary

Independent analytical/numerical verification is performed for the stated compatible planar Double Wishbone mechanisms. Dedicated compatible published Double Wishbone reproduction is not yet established. The chassis-forward-projection heading rule is an idealized constraint, not physical tie-rod, steering, bump-steer or compliance verification. Illustrative moving piston artwork shows geometry and does not simulate damper hydraulics.

Generic engineering models

Presets describe generic passive linear systems about loaded static equilibrium. They are not identified or correlated models of named production vehicles. Linear springs, dampers and tires retain their stated assumptions; nonlinear suspension, contact loss, hysteresis and active control are outside these models.

Physical test correlation — Not performed

No measured vehicle dataset, controlled physical test programme or production-vehicle correlation is claimed. Numerical agreement with an independent calculation or published curve does not establish physical fidelity.

Published numerical evidence

The Zhao et al. 2015 benchmark reproduces one passive Quarter-Car numerical result within declared digitization-aware tolerances. It does not reproduce the source's active controller or physical experiment. Dedicated external published Half-Car and Full-Car reproductions are not currently available or claimed.

Model-specific limits

• Quarter Car · 2 DOF represents vertical sprung and unsprung motion; it has no pitch or roll.
• Half Car · 4 DOF represents body heave, pitch and two axles; it has no roll or lateral dynamics.
• Full Car · 7 DOF represents passive vertical ride with small-angle heave, pitch, roll and four unsprung masses. Inputs are independently prescribed temporal histories or four corner excitations derived from a supported spatial road and straight kinematic traversal.
• Current Full-Car capability is Transient Study with completed-evidence Motion and Spatial Drive-over-Road Engineering Video. Rig video, Frequency, Compare and Explore are unavailable.

Intended-use claims

Current evidence supports transparent engineering exploration of the documented mathematical systems. No certification, homologation, industry approval or safety-validation substitution is claimed. Suitability for a particular vehicle or intended use requires additional evidence and measured correlation.